Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant infectious disease primarily caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it predominantly affects lung function, it can also impact other areas of the body. The bacteria are transmitted through the air and can be inhaled into the lungs, where they multiply and lead to infection. The body’s immune response to this infection triggers inflammation and the formation of granulomas—small clusters of inflamed tissue.

Granulomas represent the body’s defense mechanism to isolate the bacteria and prevent their spread. However, they can inadvertently damage lung tissue. Over time, the center of these granulomas may deteriorate, leading to the development of cavities within the lungs. These cavities can significantly hinder the lungs’ ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively, resulting in symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

Additionally, the inflammation resulting from the immune response can lead to scarring, or fibrosis, of the lung tissue. This scarring further impairs lung function by reducing the lungs’ elasticity and limiting their capacity to expand and contract. Consequently, this can make breathing more challenging and diminish the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

In severe instances, tuberculosis can progress to respiratory failure, a critical condition in which the lungs cannot provide adequate oxygen to the body. Respiratory failure can be life-threatening and necessitates immediate medical intervention.

Beyond the direct effects on the lungs, tuberculosis can also have systemic repercussions on overall health. The immune response to the infection may result in symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss. These systemic symptoms can further compromise an individual’s health and well-being.

In summary, tuberculosis significantly impacts lung function by inducing inflammation and leading to the formation of cavities, which disrupt the lungs’ ability to exchange gases. This disruption can manifest as symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath, and in severe cases, may culminate in respiratory failure.